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Level of Patient Access (<span id="txtChartTitle" style="color: #F59C09;text-decoration: underline;" title="None - Patients cannot access a PT in any situation without a referral. Limited - Access to evaluation, fitness & wellness, and limited treatment only to certain patient populations or under certain circumstances. Provisions - Access to evaluation and treatment with some provisions such as a time or visit limit, or referral requirement for a specific treatment intervention. Unrestricted - No restrictions or limitations whatsoever for treatment without a referral. Unrestricted states typically have no mention of a referral requirement in statute. In these states, patients can access physical therapists for full services without a referral. This is called permission by omission. Permissions by omission are not noted or cited in this chart.">Note</span>)
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Level of Patient Access (Note)
Summary of Referral Requirements
| Referrer | # of States |
|---|---|
| Physician | 28 |
| Dentist | 26 |
| Podiatrist | 24 |
| Chiropractor | 20 |
| Physician Assistant | 14 |
| Nurse Practitioner | 12 |
| Other | 9 |
Referral Requirements
| State | Level of Patient Access | Professionals State Allows to Refer to Physical Therapist | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physician - MD or DO | Dentist | Podiatrist | Chiropractor | Physician Assistant | Nurse Practitioner | Other | ||
| Alabama | Limited | |||||||
| Alaska | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Arizona | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Arkansas | Provisions | |||||||
| California | Provisions | |||||||
| Colorado | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Connecticut | Provisions | |||||||
| Delaware | Provisions | |||||||
| District of Columbia | Provisions | |||||||
| Florida | Provisions | Yes (Reference: Practice Act) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| Georgia | Provisions | |||||||
| Hawaii | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Idaho | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Illinois | Limited | Yes (Reference: IL Public Act 98-214 Ch. 111, par. 4251(D)) | Yes (Reference: IL Public Act 98-214 Ch. 111, par. 4251(D)) | Yes (Reference: IL Public Act 98-214 Ch. 111, par. 4251(D)) | Yes (Reference: IL Public Act 98-214 Ch. 111, par. 4251(D)) | Yes (Reference: IL Public Act 98-214 Ch. 111, par. 4251(D)) | Yes (Reference: IL Public Act 98-214 Ch. 111, par. 4251(D)) | |
| Indiana | Provisions | Yes (Reference: IN Code 25-27-1-2(d)(1)) | Yes (Reference: IN Code 25-27-1-2(d)(1)) | Yes (Reference: IN Code 25-27-1-2(d)(1)) | Yes (Reference: IN Code 25-27-1-2(d)(1)) | Yes (Reference: IN Code 25-27-1-2(d)(1)) | Yes (Reference: IN Code 25-27-1-2(d)(1)) | |
| Iowa | Unrestricted | Yes (Reference: Chapter 148A.2) | Yes (Reference: Chapter 148A.2) | Yes (Reference: Chapter 148A.2) | Yes (Reference: Chapter 148A.2) | |||
| Kansas | Provisions | |||||||
| Kentucky | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Louisiana | Provisions | Yes (Reference: Section 1. R.S. 37:2418(B(2)(a) -(3)) | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Maine | Provisions | Yes (Reference: MRS Title 32, Chapter 45-A §3113-A) | Yes (Reference: MRS Title 32, Chapter 45-A §3113-A) | Yes (Reference: MRS Title 32, Chapter 45-A §3113-A) | Yes (Reference: MRS Title 32, Chapter 45-A §3113-A) | |||
| Maryland | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Massachusetts | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Michigan | Provisions | Yes (Reference: MI Code 333.17820.(1)) | Yes (Reference: MI Code 333.17820.(1)) | Yes (Reference: MI Code 333.17820.(1)) | ||||
| Minnesota | Provisions | Yes (Reference: MN Code Chapter 148.75(a)(8)) | Yes (Reference: MN Code Chapter 148.75(a)(8)) | Yes (Reference: MN Code Chapter 148.75(a)(8)) | Yes (Reference: MN Code Chapter 148.75(a)(8)) | Yes (Reference: MN Code Chapter 148.75(a)(8)) | ||
| Mississippi | Limited | Yes (Reference: MS Code § 73-23-33(d)) | Yes (Reference: MS Code § 73-23-33(d)) | Yes (Reference: MS Code § 73-23-33(d)) | Yes (Reference: MS Code § 73-23-33(d)) | Yes (Reference: MS Code § 73-23-33(d)) | Yes (Reference: MS Code § 73-23-33(d)) | |
| Missouri | Provisions | Yes (Reference: MO Code, Chapter 334.506.1) | Yes (Reference: MO Code, Chapter 334.506.1) | Yes (Reference: MO Code, Chapter 334.506.1) | Yes (Reference: MO Code, Chapter 334.506.1) | Yes (Reference: MO Code, Chapter 334.506.1) | Yes (Reference: MO Code, Chapter 334.506.1) | |
| Montana | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Nebraska | Unrestricted | Yes (Reference: NE Code, 38-2927.(a)) | ||||||
| Nevada | Unrestricted | |||||||
| New Hampshire | Provisions | |||||||
| New Jersey | Provisions | |||||||
| New Mexico | Provisions | Yes (Reference: NM Admin Code 1 16.20.10.7) | Yes (Reference: NM Admin Code 1 16.20.10.7) | Yes (Reference: NM Admin Code 1 16.20.10.7) | Yes (Reference: NM Admin Code 1 16.20.10.7) | Yes (Reference: NM Admin Code 1 16.20.10.7) | Yes (Reference: NM Admin Code 1 16.20.10.7) | Yes (Reference: NM Admin Code 1 16.20.10.7) |
| New York | Provisions | Yes (Reference: NY Admin Code §77.9 a) | Yes (Reference: NY Admin Code §77.9 a) | Yes (Reference: NY Admin Code §77.9 a) | Yes (Reference: NYSED Physical Therapy Practice Guideline 6.2) | Yes (Reference: NY Admin Code §77.9 a) | ||
| North Carolina | Unrestricted | Yes (Reference: NC 90-270.24(4)) | Yes (Reference: NC 90-270.24(4)) | |||||
| North Dakota | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Ohio | Provisions | Yes (Reference: OH Code, Chapter 4755.48(H)(1)(a)) | Yes (Reference: OH Code, Chapter 4755.48(H)(1)(a)) | Yes (Reference: OH Code, Chapter 4755.48(H)(1)(a)) | Yes (Reference: OH Code, Chapter 4755.48(H)(1)(a)) | Yes (Reference: OH Code, Chapter 4755.48(H)(1)(b)) | Yes (Reference: OH Code, Chapter 4755.48(H)(1)(c)) | Yes (Reference: OH Code, Chapter 4755.48(H)(1)(c)) |
| Oklahoma | Provisions | Yes (Reference: OK Code 59 Section 887.17.A.1) | Yes (Reference: OK Code 59 Section 887.17.A.1) | Yes (Reference: OK Code 59 Section 887.17.A.1) | Yes (Reference: OK Code 59 Section 887.17.A.1) | Yes (Reference: OK Code 59 Section 887.17.A.1) | Yes (Reference: OK Code 59 Section 887.17.A.1) | Yes (Reference: OK Code 59 Section 887.17.A.1) |
| Oregon | Unrestricted | Yes (Reference: OR Code 688.132) | Yes (Reference: OR Code 688.132) | Yes (Reference: OR Code 688.132) | Yes (Reference: OR Code 688.132) | Yes (Reference: OR Code 688.132) | Yes (Reference: OR Code 688.132) | Yes (Reference: OR Code 688.132 and OR Code 688.135(8)) |
| Pennsylvania | Provisions | Yes (Reference: PA law 63 P. S. § 1303 section 9(a)) | Yes (Reference: PA law 63 P. S. § 1303 section 9(a)) | Yes (Reference: PA law 63 P. S. § 1303 section 9(a)) | Yes (Reference: PA law 63 P. S. § 1303 section 9(a)) | Yes (Reference: PA law 63 P. S. § 1303 section 9(a)) | ||
| Puerto Rico | None | Yes (Reference: PR Law 114-1962 section 1(2)) | Yes (Reference: PR By-law 5192 (Feb/9/1995) Article V (20)) | Yes (Reference: PR By-law 5192 (Feb/9/1995) Article V (20)) | ||||
| Rhode Island | Provisions | Yes (Reference: RI Code § 5-40-13 (b)(3)) | Yes (Reference: RI Code § 5-40-13 (b)(3)) | Yes (Reference: RI Code § 5-40-13 (b)(3)) | Yes (Reference: RI Code § 5-40-13 (b)(3)) | Yes (Reference: RI Code § 5-40-13 (b)(3)) | Yes (Reference: RI Code § 5-40-13 (b)(3)) | |
| South Carolina | Provisions | Yes (Reference: SC Code, Chapter 45, SECTION 40-45-110(4)) | Yes (Reference: SC Code, Chapter 45, SECTION 40-45-110(4)) | |||||
| South Dakota | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Tennessee | Provisions | Yes (Reference: TN Code 63-13-109(b)(1)) | Yes (Reference: TN Code 63-13-109(b)(1)) | Yes (Reference: TN Code 63-13-109(b)(1)) | Yes (Reference: TN Code 63-13-109(b)(1)) | |||
| Texas | Limited | Yes (Reference: TX Code, Title 3, Sec 453.001.(9)) | Yes (Reference: TX Code, Title 3, Sec 453.001.(9)) | Yes (Reference: TX Code, Title 3, Sec 453.001.(9)) | Yes (Reference: TX Code, Title 3, Sec 453.001.(9)) | |||
| Utah | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Vermont | Unrestricted | Yes (Reference: VT Code Title 26, Chapter 38 § 2086(c)(2)(e)) | ||||||
| Virgin Islands | Provisions | Yes (Reference: 27 V.I.C. § 165a(b)(2)) | Yes (Reference: 27 V.I.C. § 165a(b)(2)) | Yes (Reference: 27 V.I.C. § 165a(b)(2)) | ||||
| Virginia | Provisions | Yes (Reference: VA Code, Chapter 34 § 54.1-3482A) | Yes (Reference: VA Code, Chapter 34 § 54.1-3482A) | Yes (Reference: VA Code, Chapter 34 § 54.1-3482A) | Yes (Reference: VA Code, Chapter 34 § 54.1-3482A) | Yes (Reference: VA Code, Chapter 34 § 54.1-3482A) | Yes (Reference: VA Code, Chapter 34 § 54.1-3482A) | |
| Washington | Provisions | Yes (Reference: WA Code, RCW 18.74.010(7)) | Yes (Reference: WA Code, RCW 18.74.010(7)) | Yes (Reference: WA Code, RCW 18.74.010(7)) | Yes (Reference: WA Code, RCW 18.74.010(7)) | Yes (Reference: WA Code, RCW 18.74.010(7)) | Yes (Reference: WA Code, RCW 18.74.010(7)) | |
| West Virginia | Unrestricted | |||||||
| Wisconsin | Provisions | Yes (Reference: WI Code, §448.56(1)(1)) | Yes (Reference: WI Code, §448.56(1)(1)) | Yes (Reference: WI Code, §448.56(1)(1)) | Yes (Reference: WI Code, §448.56(1)(1)) | Yes (Reference: WI Code, §448.56(1)(1)) | Yes (Reference: WI Code, §448.56(1)(1)) | |
| Wyoming | Unrestricted | Yes (Reference: WY Code 33-25-102(c)) | Yes (Reference: WY Code 33-25-102(c)) | |||||